For a number of years there was no safe refrigerant for air conditioning. Detecting sulfur dioxide leak hvac troubleshooting. It is released naturally by volcanic activity and is produced as a byproduct of copper extraction and the burning of fossil fuels contaminated with sulfur compounds. Refrigerants like methyl chloride and sulfur dioxide were excellent refrigerants but they are poisonous. Sulfur dioxides and its properties general sulfur dioxide is one of the most important basic chemicals. New and old refrigerants are used in the process of refrigeration, which is a process whereby heat is removed from a sub stance or a space. Sulfur dioxide so2 properties, purity and packaging. Since the critical temperature is very high, sulfur dioxide can easily be condensed by compression to give a colorless, readily mobile liquid 1, 2. Experimental study on diffusion absorption refrigeration. Refrigerants gray cooling man air conditioning repair advice. Corrosion properties are a matter of materials compatibility with the components used for the compressor, piping, evaporator, and condenser.
Fellow ashrae mcquay international staunton, virginia usa 1 what is a refrigerant. Steam viscosity absolute viscosity of steam at pressure ranging 1 0 psia. Sulfur dioxide is used as a bleaching agent, reducing agent, solvent or a chemical building block. It has long been used in a variety of airconditioning and refrigeration applications in a variety of markets.
Sulfur dioxide so 2 is normally available in cylinders and drum tanks. Gasses like carbon dioxide were tried because they were not toxic but they were inefficient, did not mix with oil and the compression ratios were too high. Here are single species physical properties calculator choices that include all three 3 i nput v alues options tp, hp and sp. However, they have the obvious drawbacks to the chemist, at least of being toxic and corrosive, and with nh 3, flammable. Prior to the development of chlorofluorocarbons, sulfur dioxide was used as a refrigerant in home refrigerators. Refrigerants and their application presented by thomas e. Gwp indicates a refrigerant s ability to trap heat in the earths atmosphere for a specific time period usually 100 years, relative to the heattrapping ability of carbon dioxide.
Sulfur dioxide is not considered safe when used in large quantities. So if some one nows how or where i can find this information i would appreciate it so much. They used a float to control the liquid refrigerant entering into the evaporator. I know that i can not use current recovery devices. Engineering software physical properties calculator. Total and partial pressure daltons law of partial pressures how to calculate total pressure and partial pressures for gas mixtures from ideal gas law. In addition to the thermodynamics research center trc data available from this site, much more physical and chemical property data is available from the. Epa completes third round of sulfur dioxide designations. Researchers look to carbon dioxide as a more environmentally friendly refrigerant gas.
Secondly, we need to know some properties that a good refrigerant should have. A refrigerant is a substance that picks up latent heat when it evaporates from a liquid to a gas. Though the data given in this chapter are available in literature, the practical application of the remarkable physical as well as chemical properties of sulphur dioxide and sulphur trioxide has. Jun 11, 2019 why then do we not use it as a refrigerant but instead use other substances like ammonia, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide.
Sulfur dioxide as refrigerant cr4 discussion thread. Dichlorodifluoromethane is an inert gas that has a long history acting as a refrigerant, allowing us to stay cool in the summer, and as a spray propellant for important consumer substances. Sulfur dioxide is derived from the combustion of sulfur containing fossil fuels and is a major air pollutant in many parts of the world. Do you know if there is there any chance of replacing the old refrigerant for freon or any other substance less potentially toxic as so2. Dec 14, 2011 my parents have a refrigerator built from 1927 to 1936 a three door general electric monitor. Both were problematic ammonia is toxic and carbon dioxide requires extremely high. There was a wood panel on the wall with mounted pressure gauge and some valves. Mar 25, 2010 please help me i am an hvac student and need to find out how or what the process is to recover refrigerant from a refrigerator built before 1950 and may have methyl formate, methyl chloride, or sulfur dioxide as the refrigerant. Sulfur dioxide has a number of applications in food and beverage preservation. Ancient motor, big open motor starter, flat belt drive. Environmental protection agency epa took an additional step to implement the healthbased national air quality standard for sulfur dioxide so 2 set in 2010.
The ideal refrigerant has good thermodynamic properties, is unreactive chemically, and safe. Both have desirably high latent heats of vaporization. Sulfur dioxide was widely used as refrigerant during the early 20th century. Before the introduction of lesstoxic refrigerants, methyl formate was used as an alternative to sulfur dioxide in domestic refrigerators, such as some models of the famous ge monitor top. Refrigeration refrigerant selection online training.
New reference nistequations of state for ammonia, helium, and heavy water. When sulfur is burned in air, sulfur dioxide is formed. Until the development of hfcs and cfcs, supfur dioxide was used extensively as a refrigerant. The diffusion absorption refrigeration dar cycle is driven by heat input. Equations and computer program for calculating the properties of.
The use of sulfur dioxide are many, some of which are. Sulfur dioxide also sulphur dioxide in british english is the chemical compound with the formula s o 2. Pressurevolumetemperature properties of sulfur dioxide. Sulfur dioxide introduction physical properties sulfur dioxide so 2 is a colorless, noncombustible, toxic gas.
Sulfur dioxide so2 or o2s cid 1119 structure, chemical names, physical and. Sulfur dioxide bulk storage tanks are normally constructed of carbon steel with provision made to prohibit process gases and solutions from entering the tank. A refrigerant is a substance or mixture, usually a fluid, used in a heat pump and refrigeration. It was based on using ether as a refrigerant in a vapor compression circuit. Nist reference fluid thermodynamic and transport properties database. Its most important physical properties are summarized in table 1. It is a toxic gas responsible for the smell of burnt matches. When sulfur dioxide combines with water it produces sulfuric and sulfurous acids. Other refrigerants include ammonia, sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide and nonhalogenated hydrocarbons such as methane. Chemical and physical properties of sulphur dioxide and.
Table aesuperheated refrigerant 4a figure a14eph diagram for refrigerant 4a table a16eproperties of the atmosphere at high altitude table a17eidealgas properties of air table a18eidealgas properties of nitrogen, n 2 table a19eidealgas properties of oxygen, o 2 table a20eidealgas properties of carbon dioxide, co 2. Sulfur dioxide so2 is a colorless gas or liquid with a pungent odor. To detect sulfur dioxide leaks, an ammonia swab may be used. Anns are generally the software systems that imitate the neural networks of. Sulfur dioxide liquid thermal properties density, specific heat, thermal conductivity and more. Calculation of thermodynamic state variables of carbon dioxide at saturation state, boiling curve. Other chemicals used as vapor compression refrigerants included chymgene petrol ether and naphtha, sulfur dioxide r764 and methyl ether. It is odorless, nontoxic, nonflammable, nonexplosive and noncorrosive. Owners of methyl formate refrigerators should keep in mind that, even though they operate below atmospheric pressure. Carbon dioxide co2 was first used as a refrigerant in 1866 and ammonia nh3 in 1873. The sulfur dioxide contained in a cider is made to react with an organic disulphide in order to form a colored compound, whose intensity, measured at 420 nm in endpoint, is directly proportional to the concentration of total sulfur dioxide in the sample. To understand why we pick these substances over water, we first need to understand the refrigeration cycle. The bender equation of state for describing thermodynamic properties of krypton, neon, fluorine, sulfur dioxide and water over a wide range of state.
The following set of tables was developed using software from the nist national. Neutralizing agent for chlorine in water and waste water facilities. Carbon dioxide is widely used as a refrigerant in mechanical systems refrigerant, marine services, hospitals, etc. Here are single species physical properties calculator choices that include all three 3 input values options tp, hp and sp carbon, hydrogen, sulfur. Investigation and analysis of r463a as an alternative refrigerant to. Physical and thermodynamic properties of pure chemicals data compilation. Sulfur dioxide is the chemical compound with the formula so 2. The objective of this paper is to present thermodynamic properties and characteristics of the binary refrigerant mixtures r 32r 4a in compositions 2080%, 3070%, 4060%. A toxic substance that irritates the eyes and air passages.
Sulfur dioxide sulfur dioxide detection gas detection equipment. As a refrigerant, sulphur dioxide works in a vacuum, to give the desired temperature. Compare performance of multiple refrigerants, learn the line sizing, and much more all for free. Sulfur dioxide blocks nerve signals from the pulmonary stretch receptors psrs and abolishes the heringbreuer inflation reflex. This site provides information about sulfur dioxide and its effects. Find carbon dioxide refrigerant related suppliers, manufacturers, products and specifications on globalspec a trusted source of carbon dioxide refrigerant information. Naaqs for so 2 specify maximum amounts of sulfur dioxide to be present in outdoor air. Early mechanical refrigeration systems employed sulfur dioxide gas or anhydrous ammonia, with. Do you have a software problem or do you have an hr problem. A comprehensive thermodynamic behaviour of co2so2 mixture was studied experimentally by. The dar systems do not employ pumps or compressors. The international agency for research on cancer program determined that.
Carbon, hydrogen, sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, water, methane, carbon dioxide, water vapor, sulfur dioxide and air below is a sample air calculator for tp, hp and sp input values options. So2 provides ideal gas thermodynamic properties for sulfur dioxide gas valid over the temperature range from 200 k to 3500 k based on the property. Refrigerants physical properties engineering toolbox. When sulfur burns in air, sulfur dioxide is formed. Safety considerations include toxicity and flammability. Searching a bit i found that these kind of fridges had sulfur dioxide as refrigerant, as freon was released after wwii. Water nitrogen hydrogen parahydrogen deuterium oxygen fluorine carbon monoxide carbon dioxide dinitrogen monoxide deuterium oxide methanol methane ethane ethene propane propene propyne cyclopropane butane isobutane pentane 2methylbutane 2,2dimethylpropane hexane 2methylpentane cyclohexane heptane octane nonane decane dodecane helium neon.
It may be produced by reaction of sulfur with oxygen, e. The selection of refrigerants in table 2 has been made in order to present the overview of cycle data for historically used natural inorganic refrigerants such as ammonia r717, carbon dioxide r744, sulfur dioxide r764 which is not in use anymore, chlorofluo. The swab is made by soaking a sponge or cloth tied onto a stick or piece of wire in aqua ammonia. Figure a14eph diagram for refrigerant4a table a16eproperties of the atmosphere at high altitude table a17eidealgas properties of air table a18eidealgas properties of nitrogen, n 2 table a19eidealgas properties of oxygen, o 2 table a20eidealgas properties of carbon dioxide, co 2 table a21eidealgas properties of. Oxidation of sulfur dioxide, especially at the surface of particles in the presence of metallic catalysts, leads to the formation of sulfurous and sulfuric acids. A dense white smoke forms when the ammonia comes in contact with the sulfur dioxide. In the areas of water and waste treatment, sulfur dioxide is one of the most popular compounds. Ammonia nh3 and sulfur dioxide so2 were initially chosen as refrigerants for commercial use. Ive read that they used sulfur dioxide which is corrosive to the eyes and may cause loss of vision, painful skin burns and lesions. Linde is able to offer food grade product to meet these needs. Simulate your system with the right refrigerant and export the results to excel. Estimation of vapor pressures, compressed liquid, and supercritical.
When sulfur dioxide combines with water it produces sulphuric and sulphuric acids. Sulfur dioxide is used in bleaching and in chemical manufacture and as a refrigerant and a food preservative, e. Being easily condensed and with a high heat of evaporartion, sulfur dioxide is a candidate material for refrigerants. Linde is also able to offer iso tank container delivery in some markets.
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